Subject. 9. 4. three basic steps . 5. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Mr e s world history page: chapter 23 industrialization and nationalism 1800 1870 (new textbook) quizlet na very good studocu digestive system study guide answers pearson. Undergraduate 2. The primary functions of the respiratory system are, to move air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs, to provide an area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood, to protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration and environmental variations, The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lung capillaries indirectly assists int the regulation of, Pulmonary surfactant is a phospholipid secretion produced by alveolar cells to, reduce the cohesive force of H2O molecules and lower surface tension, The "patrol force" of the alveolar epithelium involved with phagocytosis consist primarily of, The respiratory system consists of structures that, provide an extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood, permit vocalization and production of sound, move air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along the respiratory passageways, The air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange between air and blood occurs are the, Structures in the trachea that prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change in the respiratory system are the, The entry of liquids of solid food into the respiratory passageways during swallowing is prevents by the, A single respiratory contraction consists of, The trachea allows for the passage of large masses of food through the esophagus due to, distortion of the posterior tracheal wall, The function of the hilus along the medial surface of the lung is to, provide access to pulmonary vessels and nerves, Dilation and relaxation of the bronchioles is possible because the walls of bronchioles contain, smooth muscle tissue regulated by the ANS, Structural features that make the lungs highly pliable and capable of tolerating great changes in volume are, the elastic fibers in the trabeculae, septa, and the pleurae, After passing through the trachea, the pathway a molecule of inspired air would take to reach an alveolus is, primary bronchus -> secondary bronchus -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolus, The serous membrane in contact with the lung is the, The diffusion of gases between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm is, Breaching, which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs is, The process which prevents the buildup of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and ensures a continuous supply of oxygen that keeps pace with absorption by the bloodstream is, The absorption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide by cells is, Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than then, The movement of air into and out of the lungs is primarily dependent on, pressure differences between the air in the atmosphere and air in the lungs, During inspiration there will be an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and an, increasing lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, relaxes and the dome rises into the thoracic cage, Stiffening and reduction in chest movement effectively limit the, A lack of surfactant secretion onto alveolar surfaces causes the, If there is a PO2 of 104mm Hg in the alveoli, and a PO2 of 40 mm Hg and a PCO2 of 45 mm Hg within the pulmonary blood, there will be a net diffusion of, O2 into the blood from the alveoli; CO2 from the blood into the alveoli, When the partial pressure difference is greater across the respiratory membrane, the rate of gas diffusion is, The arrangement that improves the efficiency of pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary circulation occurs when, If the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the puolmonary capillaries than in the alveolus, then, O2 will diffuse out of the alveolus into the pulmonary capillary, Blood entering the system circuit normally has a PCO2 of 40mm Hg, while peripheral tissues have a PCO2 of 45mm Hg; therefore, Each molecule of hemoglobin has the capacity to carry ______ molecules of oxygen (O2), What percentage of total oxygen (O2) is carried within red blood cells chemically bound to hemoglobin, Factors that cause a decrease in hemoglobin saturation at a given PO2 are, increasing diphsphoglycerate (DPG), increasing temperature, decreasing pH, four globular protein subunits, each containing four heme units, When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is, Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by, conversion to a molecule of carbonic acid, binding to the protein part of the hemoglobin molecule, dissolving in plasma, If the rate and depth of respiration exceed the demands for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal, the condition is called, Under normal conditions the greatest effect on the respiratory centers is initiated by, Emotional states which initiate sympathetic activation in the ANS cause, bronchodilation and increase the respiratory rate, The initiation of inspiration originates with discharge of inspiratory neurons in the, Examples of protective reflexes which operate when you are exposed to toxic vapors, chemical irritants, or mechanical stimulation of the respiratory tract include, inspiratory center is inhibited, the expiratory center stimulated, With increasing age, elastic tissue deterioration and stiffening and reduction in chest movement effectively limit the, The nervous system interacts with the respiratory system by, monitoring respiratory volume and blood gas levels, In the chronic, progressive condition of emphysema, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli are functionally eliminated, A respiratory disorder characterized by fluid leakage into the alveoli or swelling and constriction of the respiratory bronchioles is, Intracellular bicarbonate ions are exchanged for extracellular chloride ions resulting in a mass movement of chloride ions into the, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary, A rise in arteriole PCO2 elevates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) carbon dioxide levels and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce, The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate, The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to, reduce friction between the parietal and visceral pleura, When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, If a person is stabbed in the chest and the thoracic wall is punctured but the lung is not penetrated, The most important factor determining airway resistance is, The sympathetic division of the ANS causes _______ of airway smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is _________, The substance often administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance via airway dilation is, Decreased amounts of CO2 concentrations in the bronchioles cause, The air flow and blood flow in the right proportion at each alveolus improves, If a person is breathing 15 times a minute and has a tidal volume of 500ml, the total minute respiratory volume is, that remains in lungs after maximal expiration, The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is, If a person is breathing 12 times per minute, the tidal volume is 350ml, and the volume in the anatomic dead space is 150ml, what is the alveolar ventilation rate, The most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation is, When a person does not produce enough surfactant and becomes exhausted by the effort required to keep inflating and deflating the lungs, the condition is called, The partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere at sea level is, The process of internal respiration involves each of the follow except that, Movement of air into and out of the lungs is accomplished by the process of _______, while all movement of gases across membranes is by ________, The correct sequential transport of O2 from the tissue capillaries to O2 consumption in cells is, erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial fluid, cells, It is important that free H+ resulting from dissociation of H2CO3 combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of. 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