A 14th-century manual on the Jain lay man’s daily conduct, the Ācāradinakara, indicates that ‘a prayer to the goddess Ambikā to guard the child’ (Williams 1963: 279) is part of the birth ceremony. When Ambikā's repentant husband comes to look for them, she misunderstands his intentions and escapes him by jumping in a well with her sons. The Jain Goddess Ambika. This may be because of their connections with the major Jinas, links with a prominent pilgrimage centre or various stories of their powers. An organised group of believers in a religion, often distinguished from other groups within the same religious faith who have differences of doctrine or practice. A synonym for Tīrthaṃkara, which means 'ford-maker' or one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience through asceticism. Image by Nalini Balbir © Nalini Balbir, Decorated Śvetāmbara figure of the goddess Ambikā, one of the most popular Jain deities among Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras alike. Ambika (Sanskrit अम्बिका ambikā) ist: . In this piece the author calls the goddess both Ambiā – Prakrit for Ambikā – and Kohaṇḍidevi – Prakrit for Kūṣmāṇḍinī – using both forms of her name. One of the pair of guardian or protector gods for each Jina. She is reborn as the yakṣī to Nemi and her husband is reborn as a lion, her vehicle – vāhana – on which Indian deities ride. Some sects worship images – mūrti-pūjaka – and others do not, and different sects have various practices. As goddess of motherhood and fertility, she is one of the most popular Jain deities among both Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras. She narrated her past birth to her celestial guards and expressed devotional gratitude towards Jainism. Shri Neminath Adhisthayaka Nagotra Solanki Gotria Kuladevi Shri Ambikadevi Jinalaya in Santhu near Bagra. These two divinities seem to have provided the model for other yakṣa and yakṣī pairings. Taken from the Sanskrit term for the dwelling of an ascetic, the term maṭha is nowadays often rendered as mutt in English. Only by destroying all karma can this perpetual cycle finish in mokṣa – liberation. Museum no. The child sitting on her knee underlines her connection with motherhood and children.. It is found in Jinaprabha-sūri's Vividha-tīrtha-kalpa, which describes pilgrimage places and Jain beings worthy of worship. This zoomable photograph is part of the Beyond the Taj: Architectural Traditions and Landscape Experience in South Asia project at Cornell University Library in the USA. Some religions encourage pilgrimage as ways to advance spiritual progress and deepen the faith of those who make the trip – pilgrims. The Ambika Statue from Dhar is a marble statue of the Jain goddess Ambika discovered in the city of Dhar, central India in the late nineteenth century.The statue is famous for its long inscription in Nāgarī on the base that provides a direct link to the royal court of the Paramara dynasty. Most maṭhas are in southern India. As a śāsana-devatā – ‘deity of the teaching’ – she is believed to help protect and spread the message of her Jina. One of the most important deities is Ambika, the Mother Goddess of Jainism. Topic. Taking place shortly after a baby is born, this ritual is intended to protect the infant and keep it healthy. The hymns may be performed: Conventions or rules governing how images, symbols and the placement of elements and figures are used in art to represent ideas and convey meaning. Take the road to the Mukutmanipur Dam, or turn right at the confluence of the Kansai and Kumari rivers … Another hand rests protectively on the damaged figure of a small child on her knee. I know she was originally a minor goddess in Hinduism. Her second child, her sacred vehicle the lion, and two worshippers appear below. Associated with Digambara Jains, maṭhas are complexes of buildings centred on a temple and are similar to a Christian monastery. Figures of the goddess from the eighth to ninth century are available (Tiwari and Sinha 2011: 108). She is also known as … Sandstone. The clergy often perform rituals, lead worship and instruct believers in religious principles. Besides propitiatory rites, there are also gruesome ceremonies that suggest the terrifying form of the deity is visualised. Shrines and temples are frequently built at the site of a cult and pilgrims arrive to worship the deity. Various rites are performed with the help of yantras to appease evil forces and placate the goddess. They are worth remembering, he says, to ensure the protection of oneself and of others as well. Tantric rituals try to placate the aggressive side of a deity's nature, encouraging the divinity to behave benevolently. At the bottom on either side sit his male attendant deity – yakṣa – Gomedha and his female attendant deity – yakṣī – Ambikā. Ambika is the divine guardian associated with the twenty-second tirthankar Lord Nemimath. The only surviving figures of Ambikā that date from up to the end of the ninth century take the two-armed form, then evidence of the multi-armed form goes on increasing. She is also the yakṣī or female attendant deity of the 22nd Jina, Nemi.. Statue of Jain Tirthankara Rishabnath has fallen into disrepair. A fierce form of Ambikā is also worshipped in Tantric rites. Hindus have numerous gods and diverse beliefs and practices, though many believe in the soul, karma, the cycle of births and liberation. It is a traditional Indian theory of architecture, demarcating guidelines for building design. Image by British Museum © Trustees of the British Museum, The divine attributes of the goddess Ambikā are clearly visible in this 8th-century sandstone figure from central India. After 2000 years of my attaining salvation, Ratnasha Shravak, with the aid of Goddess Ambika, will bring the idol out of the cave and install it on Raivatgiri (Girnar). As a goddess, Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī is a soul subject to the cycle of birth and can intervene in human affairs, unlike Jinas, who are liberated, perfect souls, completely detached from everyday human experience. In such cases, therefore, Ambikā acts as the protective deity to a state. May 16, 2016 - Explore Aditya Banerjee's board "Jainism & Jain Iconography" on Pinterest. Title: The Jain Goddess Ambika; Creator: Unknown; Date Created: 6th-7th century; Location: India, Bihar, Shahabad District; Physical Dimensions: 27 x 18 x 10 in. Ambikā and attributesImage by Daderot © public domain. 'Sky-clad' in Sanskrit, used for one of the two main divisions of Jainism, in which monks are naked. The most popular of all the yakshis is Ambika, who is venerated for her powers of fertility and maternity. This indicates her possible connection with Ambājī, a popular Hindu goddess in Gujarat (Cort 1987: 248). A journey to a place of religious significance. The term 'Jaina' is also used although 'Jain' is more common. It may be contrasted with classical Sanskrit, the language used by priests and the aristocracy. In addition Ambikā is the presiding deity of the Kharatara-gaccha. Rites of worship take place daily, with more elaborate ceremonies performed on holy days. Copyright © Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents in whole or in part in any form or medium without the express written permission of Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. Vithishula, in Vastu Shastra, is a road that directly enters the plot. The male attendant of a Jina, one of the pair of guardian or protector gods for each Jina. (68.58 x 45.72 x 25.4 cm) Purchased with funds provided by Robert H. Ellsworth in … IS.61-1963. Ambikā is his female attendant deity – yakṣī. Vastu Shastra in Ancient Texts refers to all the details that have been included in the ancient scriptures of India including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas and a lot more. A 12th-century metal shrine of the 22nd Jina Neminātha, or Lord Nemi, and his retinue, surrounded by other Jinas. Thus the number of attributes and arms are connected when she is represented in art. Believers in a religion who are ordinary worshippers, not clergy or members of religious orders. The standard description by the 12th-century author Hemacandra states: A Kuṣmāṇḍī, named Ambikā, originating in the congregation [of Lord Nemi], gold color, with a lion for a vehicle, holding in two right hands a bunch of mangoes and a noose; and in her two left hands a boy and a goad, became the Lord’s messenger-deity. She is seated with her child beneath a mango tree (associated with female fertility) and holds a mango stem. The terms stavan, stavana, stava, stotra and stuti are all used for a prayer, song, chant or hymn to a Jina, a god or any other holy figure. Free-standing stone sculpture of the goddess Kūṣmāṇḍinī or Ambikā in Shravana Belgola. http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=32054;type=101. In south India too, there are many independent shrines dedicated to Ambikā. His spiritual supremacy is signalled by the nimbus around his head, his lotus pose of meditation, the śrīvatsa on his chest and the meditating Jinas on both sides. This Śvetāmbara monastic lineage is most numerous in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Everest. Both yakṣas and yakṣīs are considered part of the entourage of the Jina image, technically known as parikara. 9 3/4 x 4 1/2 x 2 5/8 in. At the end of the piece he writes to praise Ambikā, Jinaprabha gives a few mantras. Vastu Shastra, a traditional Indian architectural science, advises some guidelines on the construction of the toilets in a flat in order to avoid negative energy. There have been Jinas in the past and there will be some in the future. A person may also consecrate a specific time or activity or be consecrated, which means becoming dedicated to a religious purpose. http://www.flickr.com/photos/lobodrl/7005784603/. A variety of hymns praising Ambikā on her own have been composed in all the languages Jains have used. Worship of Ambikā is often done the Tantric way – the deity is invoked under several different names and visualised with the help of mantras to meditate. She is known as Ambikā to Śvetāmbara Jains. As a favourite Jain goddess, Ambikā has numerous temples dedicated to her. She is also known as Ambai, Amba and Amra Kushmandini. In Jainism, Ambika is the Yakṣi "dedicated attendant deity" or Śāsana Devī "protector goddess" of the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminath. An important part of many religions, meditation is especially important in Jain belief because it forms key elements of religious practice and spiritual development. http://www.flickr.com/photos/shanmugamsriraman/7813773952/. They may have specific roles or ranks and may progress through a hierarchy to become top leaders of the religious organisation. In Sanskrit and north Indian languages the name Ambikā means ‘Mummy’ or ‘Little Mother’. He clearly states that she resides at the top of the hill, as the śāsana-devatā of Nemi. The authoritative example for this story is the 14th-century Ambikā-devī-kalpa. The ritual actions are often accompanied by set phrases. The set of actions is largely symbolic, for example offering food to statues symbolises sacrificing to a deity. A noteworthy one is the stavana composed in Sanskrit by the famous Gujarati minister Vastupāla in the 13th century (Nawab 1937/1996 and Jhavery 1944: 328–329). Siddhapratima Yantra, Western India, 1333. Other features have changed in the course of time but common characteristics in Śvetāmbara depictions of Ambikā include the noose and goad. Numerous images of Ambikā are available as independent sculptures or in temples of both Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras, all over India. This title is given to a type of Digambara clergy who are not mendicants. When Dwarka city will get burnt, Goddess Ambika will take the idol to a cave of Kanchangiri (Girnar) where it will be worshipped by the celestial beings. These are described in, for example, texts on the iconography of the Jina, which outline the appearance of the Jina's attendants. http://www.flickr.com/photos/laura_sanchez/1591452475/. She is also the helper of the 22nd Jain saviour, Neminatha, whose haloed figure can be seen sitting above. Some of the names used for her may point to her destructive capacities if she is not properly worshipped. http://www.flickr.com/photos/s_w_ellis/4213605578/. As a deity, Ambikā is often portrayed with more than two arms, ranging from four or eight to many arms. This means she: Both the principal Jain sects associate Ambikā with motherhood and give her a lion as her divine mount or vehicle. Such works dedicated to Ambikā are available from the 12th century onwards. Image of AmbikāImage by Sailko © CC BY-SA 3.0. Jain Tantric worship aims to control other people or counter evil influences. The Jain Goddess Ambika . (13 cm.) According to Jain tradition, Ambika offered food intended for a Brahmin celebration to a mendicant Jain monk, and was … She goes to the forest with the children and they sit under a withered mango tree. How important is Ambika in the Jain religion. Ambika's second book "Unfolding Happiness" was released September 27, 2016 and is published by Mythologem Press. This zoomable photograph is provided by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, USA. A man who has taken a public vow to withdraw from ordinary life to formally enter religious life and advance spiritually. It is to be noted that a synonym of this, Kūṣṃāṇḍī, is a name of the goddess Durgā in the Hindu tradition. One of the oldest surviving figures of this deity, this example shows the boy with whom Ambikā is often portrayed sitting slightly in front of her and a lion – her divine vehicle – on her right.. … http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/practices/deities/ambika-or-kusmandini/mediashow/print.html - All text is © JAINpedia / Institute of Jainology 2021 under the, Image by British Museum © Trustees of the British Museum, Image by Wellcome Trust Library © Wellcome Library, London, Image by Andreas Praefcke © public domain, Marble statue of Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī, with abundant carved jewellery. Rather, Ambikā is connected with a yakṣī named Bahuputrikā – ‘one with many daughters’ – who is said to have been worshipped in old times in Magadha, in eastern India. The vehicle of a Hindu god or goddess. Kūṣmāṇḍinī is the guardian goddess of this pilgrimage centre in Karnatak, which is especially popular among Digambara Jains. She is seated with her child beneath a mango tree (associated with female fertility) and holds a mango stem. The two-armed goddess is the standard from the eighth to the 12th centuries whereas the four-armed or multi-armed forms become more common until the 16th century (Tiwari 1989: 26ff.). However, she has especially close connections with Gujarat, stronghold of Śvetāmbara Jainism, and Shravana Belgola in Karnataka, one of the principal pilgrimage sites for Digambara Jains. (68.58 x 45.72 x 25.4 cm) Purchased with funds provided by Robert H. Ellsworth in honor of Dr. Pratapaditya Pal (M.90.165) South and Southeast Asian Art. This 2006 photograph on Flickr shows the statue draped with garlands of flower offerings. Goddess Ambika along with Padmavati, Chakreshvari are held as esteemed deities and worshipped in Jains along with tirthankaras. Image by Y. Shishido © CC BY-SA 3.0, Sandstone sculpture of the goddess Ambikā. 'White-clad’ in Sanskrit, the title of one of the two main divisions of Jainism, in which both male and female mendicants wear white robes. This sculpture is a figure of the voluptuous Ambika, the Jain goddess worshipped on behalf of mothers and infants. She sits on her divine vehicle of a lion and holds her divine attribute of mangoes in one of her four hands. These deities are considered to be the model for the pairing of yakṣa and yakṣī that later became standard. A ritual in which an item or place is declared to be holy. Tenth-century metal figure of the popular goddess Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī. A classical language of India, originally used by priests and nobility. After fighting with his half-brother Bharata, he renounced the world and finally conquered his pride to reach enlightenment. In the Śvetāmbara tradition, Ambikā is a wife and the mother of two children in Gujarat, with the story clearly set in Saurāṣṭra. A BRONZE FIGURE OF AMBIKA NORTHEASTERN INDIA, PALA PERIOD, 12TH CENTURY 5 1/8 in. Standing figure of AmbikāImage by British Museum © Trustees of the British Museum. Among Digambaras, however, Kūṣmāṇḍinī is presented with two arms. India, Karnataka or Andhra Pradesh, 10th century. Sarvānubhūti and KūṣmāṇḍinīImage by Nalini Balbir © Nalini Balbir. This photograph is on the website of the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco, California, USA. By worshipping her, one gets all desires fulfilled. Also the term for the academic study of such artistic conventions. Since she is the focus of worship in her own right, she also has hymns and mantras composed for her. One temple to Ambikā was constructed in the tenth to 11th century near Thān in Saurashtra, Gujarat. The Jain Goddess Ambika. Śvetāmbaras know her as Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī while Digambaras call this goddess Kūṣmāṇḍinī. These texts set out rituals and yantras for efficient and successful worship. Beneath a mango tree, Ambikā sits on her divine vehicle of a lion and holds a bunch of mangoes. Ambika and Padmavati are associated with tantric rituals. This zoomable photograph is on the website of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in the USA. Tiwari gives some examples (1989: 145–146) of the many found throughout India. the Kattale Basadi, on the smaller hill of Candra-giri. Sculpture on Flickr of the goddess Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī in the Rani Durgavati Museum, Jabalpur, in Madhya Pradesh. In her two right hands she carries a mango and in the other a branch of a mango tree. Image by Wellcome Trust Library © Wellcome Library, London, The yakṣa Sarvānubhūti and the yakṣī Kūṣmāṇḍinī flank the entrance of a temple on Candra-giri, the small hill at Shravana Belgola. Nemi's yakṣa – male attendant deity to a Jina – is called Gomedha while his yakṣī – female attendant deity – is known as Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī. A small structure holding an image or relics, which may be within a temple or building designed for worship. Miraculously, this mango tree provides fruit and a nearby dried-up lake fills with water so they can survive. Jain Quantum aims to create an accessible search experience for everyone, including pathshala students, teachers, university professors, and non-Jains, as well. Sanskrit has a rich literary and religious tradition. Together with Sarvānubhūti, Ambikā forms the earliest pair of yakṣa and yakṣī in the Jain tradition. She is also known as "Sasana Devi", the ‘protector’ goddess. Her role as guardian of the shrine, therefore, either precedes the consecration of the Bāhubali icon in 981 A.D., or else further shows how the cults of the Jain goddesses in Karnataka are only loosely tied to those of the Jinas. Meditation is deep thought about religious doctrine or mental focus on spiritual matters over a period of time. With only a few thousand native speakers nowadays, it is predominantly used in Hindu religious ceremonies and by scholars. Lay men and women usually complete formal study before being initiated into the clergy. Jain Quantum is a Jain literature search engine. However, Śvetāmbara and Digambara Jains view her appearance differently. The female attendant of a Jina, also called yakṣinī. Sculpture. Sotheby's New York, 21 September 1995, lot 191. AmbikāImage by Andreas Praefcke © public domain. Invocations are frequently found at the beginning of Jain texts. The Jains used a large variety of Prakrits, with the Jain canon written chiefly in Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit. Copper alloy. Flickr image from 2009 of the goddess Kūṣmāṇḍinī at Shravana Belgola, Karnataka. Goddess Ambika, with the help of her clairvoyance, saw her previous life. At the bottom on either side sit his male attendant deity – yakṣa – Gomedha and his female attendant deity – yakṣī – Ambikā. She is also believed to have had a decisive contribution ‘in deciding a dispute between the Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras as to who had authority over the holy place of Girnar’ (Cort 1987: 249) in Gujarat. The period of time starting with the year when Jesus Christ was traditionally believed to have been born. If not worshipped correctly, the vengeful deity may cause harm. She is of golden complexion and has four arms. 27 x 18 x 10 in. One of her most prominent aspects is as protective deity, in particular of children. Ambikā is identifiable in Śvetāmbara art from the presence of one child on her hip with the other by her side, or accompanied by one child only. Ambikā, like other yakṣīs or female goddesses, is thus ascribed protective powers. Grey chlorite sculpture. The sects also give her varying divine attributes, which she holds in her hands. It has been part of the British Museum's collection since 1880. Her association with the Jina Neminātha or Lord Nemi clearly links her to a function as mother of children and also promotes Jainism as the true religion. An example is the one to the south of the Vardhamāna temple at Tirupparuttikkunram in Tamil Nadu. Being grateful to Jainism, she left her celestial abode on a celestial airplane, which was made by another celestial being namely Aabhiyogik Dev and as she did so her surroundings illuminated in all directions. The auction house Christie's, which sold this item in 2007, provides notes and views of the shrine's front and back. One of the most important and popular Jain deities, Ambikā is usually depicted with her attributes of children and mangoes. He also states that Ambikā was the guardian deity of Mathurā. Seventh-century bronze image of a Jina and his attendant śāsana-devatās – ‘deities of the teaching’ – who protect and promote his teaching. His symbolic colour is blue or black and his emblem the conch. Ambikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī is one of the most popular Jain goddesses among Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras alike. Her other names are Amba, Ambini, Kushmandi and Kodandi. This zoomable photograph is on the website of the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, California, USA. Jinaprabha-sūri’s 14th-century piece on Ambikā says the same. http://67.52.109.59:8080/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/id/19105. According to the tradition, her colour is golden and her vehicle is lion. A gathering of believers that has come together to perform group acts of worship. tobygross73. An enthusiastic follower of a religion. There are some differences of doctrine or belief between these two sects and to some extent their followers consider themselves as belonging to distinct branches. Not currently on public view. Copper alloy sculpture. The Jain Goddess Ambika LACMA M.72.1.12.jpg 1,084 × 2,100; 503 KB Vidisha District Museum 125018.jpg 768 × 1,024; 66 KB WLA lacma Jain Goddess Ambika.jpg 768 × 1,024; 445 KB Her carrier is a lion. Ambika introduces us to goddess, which is not completely foreign to me. The book published by her own publishing house, Mythologem Press, won a spot in the Top 100 Indie Books of 2016. A very popular goddess associated with motherhood and children, Ambikā is usually depicted holding a mango and with a child, her lion vehicle nearby. He also visited the court of the Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Instead of practising the 'wandering life' – vihāra – of Jain monks and nuns, a bhaṭṭāraka stays in one place, living in a kind of monastery called a maṭha. The jewellery-bedecked statue was probably originally holding a small child on her left knee, though this part has been badly damaged. Her divine vehicle of a lion is at the bottom of the image, along with two boys, who are her sons. 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